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Converting List of String to Integer

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Samir-16

Converting List of String to Integer

Hi Everyone,

I am relatively new to Python so please forgive me for what seems like
a basic question.

Assume that I have a list, a, composed of nested lists with string
representations of integers, such that

a = [['1', '2'], ['3'], ['4', '5', '6'], ['7', '8', '9', '0']]

I would like to convert this to a similar list, b, where the values
are represented by integers, such as

b = [[1, 2], [3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 0]]

I have unsuccessfully tried the following code:

n = []
for k in a:
n.append([int(v) for v in k])
print n

Does anyone know what I am doing wrong?

Thanks in advance.

Samir
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

Gary Herron

Re: Converting List of String to Integer

Samir wrote:

> Hi Everyone,
>
> I am relatively new to Python so please forgive me for what seems like
> a basic question.
>
> Assume that I have a list, a, composed of nested lists with string
> representations of integers, such that
>
> a = [['1', '2'], ['3'], ['4', '5', '6'], ['7', '8', '9', '0']]
>
> I would like to convert this to a similar list, b, where the values
> are represented by integers, such as
>
> b = [[1, 2], [3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 0]]
>
> I have unsuccessfully tried the following code:
>
> n = []
> for k in a:
> n.append([int(v) for v in k])
> print n
>
> Does anyone know what I am doing wrong?
>
> Thanks in advance.
>
> Samir
> --
> http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
>

You didn't tell us how it failed for you, so I can't guess what's wrong.

However, your code works for me:

>>> a = [['1', '2'], ['3'], ['4', '5', '6'], ['7', '8', '9', '0']]
>>> n = []
>>> for k in a:
... n.append([int(v) for v in k])
...
>>> print n
[[1, 2], [3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 0]]

(Although you seem to have confused variables b and n.)

Gary Herron

--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

Samir-16

Re: Converting List of String to Integer

In reply to this post by Samir-16

On Jul 21, 3:20 pm, Gary Herron <[hidden email]> wrote:

> Samir wrote:
> > Hi Everyone,
>
> > I am relatively new to Python so please forgive me for what seems like
> > a basic question.
>
> > Assume that I have a list, a, composed of nested lists with string
> > representations of integers, such that
>
> > a = [['1', '2'], ['3'], ['4', '5', '6'], ['7', '8', '9', '0']]
>
> > I would like to convert this to a similar list, b, where the values
> > are represented by integers, such as
>
> > b = [[1, 2], [3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 0]]
>
> > I have unsuccessfully tried the following code:
>
> > n = []
> > for k in a:
> > n.append([int(v) for v in k])
> > print n
>
> > Does anyone know what I am doing wrong?
>
> > Thanks in advance.
>
> > Samir
> > --
> >http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
>
> You didn't tell us how it failed for you, so I can't guess what's wrong.
>
> However, your code works for me:
>
> >>> a = [['1', '2'], ['3'], ['4', '5', '6'], ['7', '8', '9', '0']]
> >>> n = []
> >>> for k in a:
> ... n.append([int(v) for v in k])
> ...
> >>> print n
> [[1, 2], [3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 0]]
>
> (Although you seem to have confused variables b and n.)
>
> Gary Herron- Hide quoted text -
>
> - Show quoted text -

Hi Gary,

Thanks for your quick response (and sorry about mixing up b and n).
For some reason, the logic I posted seems to work ok while I'm using
the Python shell, but when used in my code, the program just hangs.
It never outputs the results. Below is the code in its entirety. Is
there a problem with my indendentation?

a = n = []
t = """
1 2
3
4 5 6
7 8 9 0
"""

d = t.split("\n")

for x in range(1,len(d)-1):
a.append(d[x].split(" "))
print a

for k in a:
n.append([int(v) for v in k])

print n

Thanks again.

Samir
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

John Machin

Re: Converting List of String to Integer

On Jul 22, 6:11 am, Samir <[hidden email]> wrote:
[snip]

> For some reason, the logic I posted seems to work ok while I'm using
> the Python shell, but when used in my code, the program just hangs.
> It never outputs the results. Below is the code in its entirety. Is
> there a problem with my indendentation?
>
> a = n = []
> t = """
> 1 2
> 3
> 4 5 6
> 7 8 9 0
> """
>
> d = t.split("\n")
>
> for x in range(1,len(d)-1):
> a.append(d[x].split(" "))
> print a
>
> for k in a:
> n.append([int(v) for v in k])

To see what is happening, insert some print statements, plus something
to slow it down e.g.

for k in a:
print id(a), a
print id(n), n
n.append([int(v) for v in k])
raw_input('Hit Enter to continue ->')

>
> print n
>
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

Gary Herron

Re: Converting List of String to Integer

In reply to this post by Samir-16

Samir wrote:

> On Jul 21, 3:20 pm, Gary Herron <[hidden email]> wrote:
>
>> Samir wrote:
>>
>>> Hi Everyone,
>>>
>>> I am relatively new to Python so please forgive me for what seems like
>>> a basic question.
>>>
>>> Assume that I have a list, a, composed of nested lists with string
>>> representations of integers, such that
>>>
>>> a = [['1', '2'], ['3'], ['4', '5', '6'], ['7', '8', '9', '0']]
>>>
>>> I would like to convert this to a similar list, b, where the values
>>> are represented by integers, such as
>>>
>>> b = [[1, 2], [3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 0]]
>>>
>>> I have unsuccessfully tried the following code:
>>>
>>> n = []
>>> for k in a:
>>> n.append([int(v) for v in k])
>>> print n
>>>
>>> Does anyone know what I am doing wrong?
>>>
>>> Thanks in advance.
>>>
>>> Samir
>>> --
>>> http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
>>>
>> You didn't tell us how it failed for you, so I can't guess what's wrong.
>>
>> However, your code works for me:
>>
>> >>> a = [['1', '2'], ['3'], ['4', '5', '6'], ['7', '8', '9', '0']]
>> >>> n = []
>> >>> for k in a:
>> ... n.append([int(v) for v in k])
>> ...
>> >>> print n
>> [[1, 2], [3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 0]]
>>
>> (Although you seem to have confused variables b and n.)
>>
>> Gary Herron- Hide quoted text -
>>
>> - Show quoted text -
>>
>
> Hi Gary,
>
> Thanks for your quick response (and sorry about mixing up b and n).
> For some reason, the logic I posted seems to work ok while I'm using
> the Python shell, but when used in my code, the program just hangs.
> It never outputs the results. Below is the code in its entirety. Is
> there a problem with my indendentation?
>
>

Aha. There's the problem, right there in the first line.

> a = n = []
>

This sets a and n to the *same* empty list. This line creates one
empty list and binds both n and a to that list. Note carefully, there
is only one empty list here, but it can be accessed under two names

Later in your code,

for k in a:

runs through that list, and

n.append(...)

append to the end of the same list. Thus the loop never get to the end of the (continually growing) list.

Solve it by creating two different empty lists:

a = []
n = []

Gary Herron

> t = """
> 1 2
> 3
> 4 5 6
> 7 8 9 0
> """
>
> d = t.split("\n")
>
> for x in range(1,len(d)-1):
> a.append(d[x].split(" "))
> print a
>
> for k in a:
> n.append([int(v) for v in k])
>
> print n
>
> Thanks again.
>
> Samir
> --
> http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
>

--
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Samir-16

Re: Converting List of String to Integer

In reply to this post by Samir-16

On Jul 21, 4:44 pm, Gary Herron <[hidden email]> wrote:

> Samir wrote:
> > On Jul 21, 3:20 pm, Gary Herron <[hidden email]> wrote:
>
> >> Samir wrote:
>
> >>> Hi Everyone,
>
> >>> I am relatively new to Python so please forgive me for what seems like
> >>> a basic question.
>
> >>> Assume that I have a list, a, composed of nested lists with string
> >>> representations of integers, such that
>
> >>> a = [['1', '2'], ['3'], ['4', '5', '6'], ['7', '8', '9', '0']]
>
> >>> I would like to convert this to a similar list, b, where the values
> >>> are represented by integers, such as
>
> >>> b = [[1, 2], [3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 0]]
>
> >>> I have unsuccessfully tried the following code:
>
> >>> n = []
> >>> for k in a:
> >>> n.append([int(v) for v in k])
> >>> print n
>
> >>> Does anyone know what I am doing wrong?
>
> >>> Thanks in advance.
>
> >>> Samir
> >>> --
> >>>http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
>
> >> You didn't tell us how it failed for you, so I can't guess what's wrong.
>
> >> However, your code works for me:
>
> >> >>> a = [['1', '2'], ['3'], ['4', '5', '6'], ['7', '8', '9', '0']]
> >> >>> n = []
> >> >>> for k in a:
> >> ... n.append([int(v) for v in k])
> >> ...
> >> >>> print n
> >> [[1, 2], [3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 0]]
>
> >> (Although you seem to have confused variables b and n.)
>
> >> Gary Herron- Hide quoted text -
>
> >> - Show quoted text -
>
> > Hi Gary,
>
> > Thanks for your quick response (and sorry about mixing up b and n).
> > For some reason, the logic I posted seems to work ok while I'm using
> > the Python shell, but when used in my code, the program just hangs.
> > It never outputs the results. Below is the code in its entirety. Is
> > there a problem with my indendentation?
>
> Aha. There's the problem, right there in the first line.
>
> > a = n = []
>
> This sets a and n to the *same* empty list. This line creates one
> empty list and binds both n and a to that list. Note carefully, there
> is only one empty list here, but it can be accessed under two names
>
> Later in your code,
>
> for k in a:
>
> runs through that list, and
>
> n.append(...)
>
> append to the end of the same list. Thus the loop never get to the end of the (continually growing) list.
>
> Solve it by creating two different empty lists:
>
> a = []
> n = []
>
> Gary Herron
>
>
>
> > t = """
> > 1 2
> > 3
> > 4 5 6
> > 7 8 9 0
> > """
>
> > d = t.split("\n")
>
> > for x in range(1,len(d)-1):
> > a.append(d[x].split(" "))
> > print a
>
> > for k in a:
> > n.append([int(v) for v in k])
>
> > print n
>
> > Thanks again.
>
> > Samir
> > --
> >http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list- Hide quoted text -
>
> - Show quoted text -- Hide quoted text -
>
> - Show quoted text -

Gary,

That did the trick! I didn't realize that the way I initialized my
lists would lead to the behavior that I observed. After doing
something similar to what John had suggested I did indeed discover
that I created an endless loop. I'm glad I learned something today.

Thanks for your help.

Samir
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

Andrew Freeman

Re: Converting List of String to Integer

In reply to this post by Samir-16

Samir wrote:

I think this will work better, a sub-list comprehension of sorts:
n = [[int(i) for i in k] for k in a]

here is an ipython interactive session using it:
In [1]: a = n = []

In [2]: t = """
...: 1 2
...: 3
...: 4 5 6
...: 7 8 9 0
...: """

In [3]:

In [4]: d = t.split("\n")

In [5]: for x in range(1,len(d)-1):
...: a.append(d[x].split(" "))
...:
...:

In [6]: a
Out[6]: [['1', '2'], ['3'], ['4', '5', '6'], ['7', '8', '9', '0']]

In [7]: n = [[int(i) for i in k] for k in a]

In [8]: n
Out[8]: [[1, 2], [3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 0]]
--
Andrew

--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

Samir-16

Re: Converting List of String to Integer

In reply to this post by Samir-16

On Jul 21, 6:15 pm, Andrew Freeman <[hidden email]> wrote:

> Samir wrote:
> > On Jul 21, 3:20 pm, Gary Herron <[hidden email]> wrote:
>
> >> Samir wrote:
>
> >>> Hi Everyone,
>
> >>> I am relatively new to Python so please forgive me for what seems like
> >>> a basic question.
>
> >>> Assume that I have a list, a, composed of nested lists with string
> >>> representations of integers, such that
>
> >>> a = [['1', '2'], ['3'], ['4', '5', '6'], ['7', '8', '9', '0']]
>
> >>> I would like to convert this to a similar list, b, where the values
> >>> are represented by integers, such as
>
> >>> b = [[1, 2], [3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 0]]
>
> >>> I have unsuccessfully tried the following code:
>
> >>> n = []
> >>> for k in a:
> >>> n.append([int(v) for v in k])
> >>> print n
>
> >>> Does anyone know what I am doing wrong?
>
> >>> Thanks in advance.
>
> >>> Samir
> >>> --
> >>>http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
>
> >> You didn't tell us how it failed for you, so I can't guess what's wrong.
>
> >> However, your code works for me:
>
> >> >>> a = [['1', '2'], ['3'], ['4', '5', '6'], ['7', '8', '9', '0']]
> >> >>> n = []
> >> >>> for k in a:
> >> ... n.append([int(v) for v in k])
> >> ...
> >> >>> print n
> >> [[1, 2], [3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 0]]
>
> >> (Although you seem to have confused variables b and n.)
>
> >> Gary Herron- Hide quoted text -
>
> >> - Show quoted text -
>
> > Hi Gary,
>
> > Thanks for your quick response (and sorry about mixing up b and n).
> > For some reason, the logic I posted seems to work ok while I'm using
> > the Python shell, but when used in my code, the program just hangs.
> > It never outputs the results. Below is the code in its entirety. Is
> > there a problem with my indendentation?
>
> > a = n = []
> > t = """
> > 1 2
> > 3
> > 4 5 6
> > 7 8 9 0
> > """
>
> > d = t.split("\n")
>
> > for x in range(1,len(d)-1):
> > a.append(d[x].split(" "))
> > print a
>
> > for k in a:
> > n.append([int(v) for v in k])
>
> > print n
>
> > Thanks again.
>
> > Samir
> > --
> >http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
>
> I think this will work better, a sub-list comprehension of sorts:
> n = [[int(i) for i in k] for k in a]
>
> here is an ipython interactive session using it:
> In [1]: a = n = []
>
> In [2]: t = """
> ...: 1 2
> ...: 3
> ...: 4 5 6
> ...: 7 8 9 0
> ...: """
>
> In [3]:
>
> In [4]: d = t.split("\n")
>
> In [5]: for x in range(1,len(d)-1):
> ...: a.append(d[x].split(" "))
> ...:
> ...:
>
> In [6]: a
> Out[6]: [['1', '2'], ['3'], ['4', '5', '6'], ['7', '8', '9', '0']]
>
> In [7]: n = [[int(i) for i in k] for k in a]
>
> In [8]: n
> Out[8]: [[1, 2], [3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 0]]
> --
> Andrew- Hide quoted text -
>
> - Show quoted text -

Andrew,

Thanks for the tip, though the syntax makes my head spin a bit in
trying to comprehend it. For my small list, I didn't notice a
discernible increase in speed, but I may have to try it with a larger
list size.

Incidentally, I had never heard of iPython but from their web site, it
looks like an interesting tool. I'll have to check it out.

Thanks.

Samir
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

Andrew Freeman

Re: Converting List of String to Integer

Samir wrote:

> On Jul 21, 6:15 pm, Andrew Freeman <[hidden email]> wrote:
>
>> Samir wrote:
>>
>>> On Jul 21, 3:20 pm, Gary Herron <[hidden email]> wrote:
>>>
>>>> Samir wrote:
>>>>
>>>>> Hi Everyone,
>>>>>
>>>>> I am relatively new to Python so please forgive me for what seems like
>>>>> a basic question.
>>>>>
>>>>> Assume that I have a list, a, composed of nested lists with string
>>>>> representations of integers, such that
>>>>>
>>>>> a = [['1', '2'], ['3'], ['4', '5', '6'], ['7', '8', '9', '0']]
>>>>>
>>>>> I would like to convert this to a similar list, b, where the values
>>>>> are represented by integers, such as
>>>>>
>>>>> b = [[1, 2], [3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 0]]
>>>>>
>>>>> I have unsuccessfully tried the following code:
>>>>>
>>>>> n = []
>>>>> for k in a:
>>>>> n.append([int(v) for v in k])
>>>>> print n
>>>>>
>>>>> Does anyone know what I am doing wrong?
>>>>>
>>>>> Thanks in advance.
>>>>>
>>>>> Samir
>>>>> --
>>>>> http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
>>>>>
>>>> You didn't tell us how it failed for you, so I can't guess what's wrong.
>>>>
>>>> However, your code works for me:
>>>>
>>>> >>> a = [['1', '2'], ['3'], ['4', '5', '6'], ['7', '8', '9', '0']]
>>>> >>> n = []
>>>> >>> for k in a:
>>>> ... n.append([int(v) for v in k])
>>>> ...
>>>> >>> print n
>>>> [[1, 2], [3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 0]]
>>>>
>>>> (Although you seem to have confused variables b and n.)
>>>>
>>>> Gary Herron- Hide quoted text -
>>>>
>>>> - Show quoted text -
>>>>
>>> Hi Gary,
>>>
>>> Thanks for your quick response (and sorry about mixing up b and n).
>>> For some reason, the logic I posted seems to work ok while I'm using
>>> the Python shell, but when used in my code, the program just hangs.
>>> It never outputs the results. Below is the code in its entirety. Is
>>> there a problem with my indendentation?
>>>
>>> a = n = []
>>> t = """
>>> 1 2
>>> 3
>>> 4 5 6
>>> 7 8 9 0
>>> """
>>>
>>> d = t.split("\n")
>>>
>>> for x in range(1,len(d)-1):
>>> a.append(d[x].split(" "))
>>> print a
>>>
>>> for k in a:
>>> n.append([int(v) for v in k])
>>>
>>> print n
>>>
>>> Thanks again.
>>>
>>> Samir
>>> --
>>> http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
>>>
>> I think this will work better, a sub-list comprehension of sorts:
>> n = [[int(i) for i in k] for k in a]
>>
>> here is an ipython interactive session using it:
>> In [1]: a = n = []
>>
>> In [2]: t = """
>> ...: 1 2
>> ...: 3
>> ...: 4 5 6
>> ...: 7 8 9 0
>> ...: """
>>
>> In [3]:
>>
>> In [4]: d = t.split("\n")
>>
>> In [5]: for x in range(1,len(d)-1):
>> ...: a.append(d[x].split(" "))
>> ...:
>> ...:
>>
>> In [6]: a
>> Out[6]: [['1', '2'], ['3'], ['4', '5', '6'], ['7', '8', '9', '0']]
>>
>> In [7]: n = [[int(i) for i in k] for k in a]
>>
>> In [8]: n
>> Out[8]: [[1, 2], [3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 0]]
>> --
>> Andrew- Hide quoted text -
>>
>> - Show quoted text -
>>
>
> Andrew,
>
> Thanks for the tip, though the syntax makes my head spin a bit in
> trying to comprehend it. For my small list, I didn't notice a
> discernible increase in speed, but I may have to try it with a larger
> list size.
>
> Incidentally, I had never heard of iPython but from their web site, it
> looks like an interesting tool. I'll have to check it out.
>
> Thanks.
>
> Samir
> --
> http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
>

If it helps look at this:

n = [[int(i) for i in k] for k in a]

like this:

n = []
for k in a:
for i in k:
n.append(int(i))

It is more verbose and easier to read and they both do exactly the same
thing!

iPython is great, to install it you might try easy_install:
http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/EasyInstall

Then in a command line type:
easy_install ipython

Then, once it is complete, to use iPython type:
ipython

--
Andrew
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

Andrew Freeman

Re: Converting List of String to Integer

In reply to this post by Samir-16

Samir wrote:
> For my small list, I didn't notice a
> discernible increase in speed, but I may have to try it with a larger
> list size.
>

About speed, and memory consumption:
List comprehensions
(http://docs.python.org/tut/node7.html#SECTION007140000000000000000) are
just shortcuts for for-loops. I do not believe there is any speed
benefit. However, there are generators, they basically load one part of
an iterator (a list in this case) at a time, this can greatly reduce
memory usage.
Have a look at PEP 289:
http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0289/

Here is the list comprehension as a generator (actually 2):
n = ((int(i) for i in k) for k in a)

Note, you can't just print a generator, it only computes something when
needed:
>>> print n
<generator object at 0xb7820e2c>

You can, however iterate over it:

In [2]: for k in n:
....: for i in k:
....: print i,
....:
....:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
In [3]: n = ((int(i) for i in k) for k in a)
In [49]: list(n)
Out[49]:
[<generator object at 0xb77d03ec>,
<generator object at 0xb77d03cc>,
<generator object at 0xb77d046c>,
<generator object at 0xb77d04ac>]

Each sub-list is a generator too!
In [50]: n = ((int(i) for i in k) for k in a)
In [51]: for i in list(n): # list() converts the variable n to a list
....: list(i)
....:
....:
Out[51]: [1, 2]
Out[51]: [3]
Out[51]: [4, 5, 6]
Out[51]: [7, 8, 9, 0]

This is only going to make a difference if you were dealing with a
*very* large data set. I thought I would show you even if you never user
them, for learning purposes. Note: a generator is one way, redefine it
every time you use it.
--
Andrew

--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list

dusan smitran

Re: Converting List of String to Integer

In reply to this post by Samir-16

>>> a = [['1', '2'], ['3'], ['4', '5', '6'], ['7', '8', '9', '0']]
>>> [map(int, i) for i in a]
[[1, 2], [3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 0]]

On Jul 21, 9:06 pm, Samir <[hidden email]> wrote:

--
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Rishabh Manocha

Re: Converting List of String to Integer

Just to throw my hat in the ring, this is another way you can do this:

[(lambda x : [int(ii) for ii in x])(y) for y in a]

However, I do think dusans way is more elegant.

Best,

R

On Tue, Jul 22, 2008 at 4:58 PM, dusans <[hidden email]> wrote:

>>> a = [['1', '2'], ['3'], ['4', '5', '6'], ['7', '8', '9', '0']]

>>> [map(int, i) for i in a]
[[1, 2], [3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 0]]

On Jul 21, 9:06 pm, Samir <[hidden email]> wrote:
> Hi Everyone,
>
> I am relatively new to Python so please forgive me for what seems like
> a basic question.
>
> Assume that I have a list, a, composed of nested lists with string
> representations of integers, such that
>
> a = [['1', '2'], ['3'], ['4', '5', '6'], ['7', '8', '9', '0']]
>
> I would like to convert this to a similar list, b, where the values
> are represented by integers, such as
>
> b = [[1, 2], [3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 0]]
>
> I have unsuccessfully tried the following code:
>
> n = []
> for k in a:
> n.append([int(v) for v in k])
> print n
>
> Does anyone know what I am doing wrong?
>
> Thanks in advance.
>
> Samir

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Pablo Torres N.

Re: Converting List of String to Integer

In reply to this post by Samir-16

> n = []
> for k in a:
> n.append([int(v) for v in k])
> print n
>
> Does anyone know what I am doing wrong?
>
> Thanks in advance.
>
> Samir

Use extend instead of append:

* Append -> add the one item to the end of the list
* Extend -> add the list of items to the end of the list
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Samir-16

Re: Converting List of String to Integer

Wow! Thanks for all of the great additional feedback and responses
since I last checked in. The help this group provides is amazing.
I'm glad I found it.

@Andrew -- Thanks for the clarification on the nested for loop and how
to intrepret it. Also, thanks for the information on generators. I
have never come across this before so I will look into it a bit more.
The same thing goes for iPython. I have been looking for an IDE that
comes with better debugging capabilities that the default Python
shell.

@dusans -- Just when I thought I couldn't simplify my code anymore,
you provide come up with another way. Thank you.

@ptn -- Thanks for the explanation between "append" and "extend". I
guess I've gotten lazy and have always used "append", apparently even
in situations where it may not be appropriate.

Thanks again, everyone!

Samir

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